2000 to 2006

Under the leadership of Brother Dr. Zollie Stevenson, it was announced at the May 26, 2000 board meeting that Alpha Phi Alpha had received grants from Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBS) and United Parcel Service to develop a new mentoring program, Alpha Mentors.1 Using models fashioned after the Alpha Mentors Program, BBBS set a goal to provide one million youth with mentors by 2010.2 During the Ninety‐Fourth Anniversary General Convention, August 3‐8, 2000, Brother Carter announced that the MLK Memorial Foundation had received approval to build on a four acre plot in Area One on the Tidal Basin, across from the Jefferson Memorial.3 An international panel of judges was assembled to review design contest submissions, and on September 13, 2000, the winning design by the ROMA Design Group of San Francisco was unveiled.4 The third report of the Alpha World Policy Council issued in 2000 addressed “The Continuing Issue of Race in America” and provided recommendations combating discrimination. Proving that it did not only promote African American civil rights, the report after September 11, 2001, criticized the United States government’s practice of “extraordinary rendition.” The AWPC reports demonstrated Alpha Phi Alpha’s continued dedication today to improving civil and human rights of all people.5 On October 5, 2000 Project Alpha’s contributions to the fight against HIV, STDs, and teenage pregnancy were recognized during a televised special topics discussion on the floor of the House of Representatives.6 On December 4, 2000, the Ninety‐Fourth anniversary of the founding of Alpha Phi Alpha, a plaque was unveiled to mark the site of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial on the Tidal Basin.7 General President Wallace remarked, “How appropriate it was for this event to take place on this day. We can only imagine that seven proud men stood watch as another chapter is added to the rich history and legacy they created.”8

The Fraternity sponsored the National Project Alpha Week – Vote 2000: A Voteless People are a Hopeless People. With this project and other service initiatives, the five areas of emphasis for the Fraternity included economic empowerment, entrepreneurship, and social advocacy. Additionally, through the goal of Vision 2000, their educational foundation’s assets doubled.9 The Fraternity was the premier organization in the advancement of the African American community, with Project Alpha, a renewed partnership with the March of Dimes, Big Brothers Big Sisters, and the Boy Scouts. Economic Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Program included business development, capital promotion, economic independence, wealth creation and the fundamentals of investment. The Fraternity received sponsorship from Bank of America Social Advocacy for the March of Dimes and Walk American and promoted their advocacy for the Martin Luther King Memorial.10 They also aimed to be involved politically, this included voting mobilization, ballad initiatives, barriers to voting and voter tabulations, National Campaign of political education to learn about the voting process, and the idea that a Voteless People are a Hopeless People.11

Epsilon Pi Chapter (Norfolk State University) was awarded the undergraduate chapter of the year at Norfolk State University for providing mentoring programs for Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐ College—a program that provided for high risk groups of students.12 Additionally, many chapters were partnering with Big Brothers, Big Sisters to start a new mentoring partnership with the Fraternity and focus on mentoring African Americans aged six to seventeen using a group approach to create a long‐term service project for many brothers.13 Brother Kelly created a Wake Forest University program entitled, “Men of Distinction: Wake Forest University/Academy for Future Leaders.” This program was initiated for male high‐school students in North Carolina to reach their academic potential, paired with volunteer Wake Forest students and included workshops on business etiquette, parliamentary procedure, and time management.14

During his Inaugural Luncheon, January 13th, 2001, 31st General President Harry E. Johnson, Sr. Esq. named Brother Marc Morial as chair of the newly created Alpha Phi Alpha Political Action Committee.15 The goal of the Political Action Committee was to “seek out and encourage Alpha men and others to serve in public office,” a furtherance of Alpha’s saying “a Voteless People is a Hopeless People.”16 Alpha Phi Alpha also paired with the Head Start Bureau of the United States Department of Health and Human Services to encourage men to take healthy active roles in their families. During the Ninety‐Fifth Anniversary General Convention held August 2‐7, 2001, General President Harry E. Johnson signed a memorandum of understanding with Head Start officials for the Alpha Head Start Initiative to be coordinated by Brother Ronnie Jenkins, Southern Regional Vice President.17 The goals of the initiative were to “promote responsible fatherhood, enhance parenting skills, and work to reduce substance abuse, domestic violence, and child abuse.”18 During the Ninety‐Fifth Anniversary General Convention on August 4, 2001, Alpha volunteers distributed fans and installed air conditioners for New Orleans residents.19

During the Ninety‐Fifth Anniversary General Convention, on August 2‐7, 2001, Brother Darina Dash, founder of the first African American‐owned publically traded internet company, and Brother Dr. Robert Wright, founder of an information technology and engineering firm, spoke at the Economic Development Luncheon.20 Brother Dash explained to the brothers that, “we cannot have economic development unless we focus on the digital divide, that we need to network for success beginning with the brotherhood of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity.”21 Brother Morial moderated a National Town Hall Forum themed: “African American Leadership in the New Millennium: Building Upon the Past to Face the Challenges of the Future.” Panel members discussed challenges of retaining seats in Congress held by African Americans given the growth of the Latino population in California and New York, and the expense of litigating in the South seeking the fair drawing of district lines.22 Panelists also discussed the recent controversy over the vote count in Florida during the presidential election, and the need to review voting equipment, procedures, and policies that disproportionately impact African American voters.23

With Brother Willard C. Hall, Jr. as chair, the commission was further renamed as the Racial Justice and Public Policy (RJPP) Committee. The committee submitted its report to General President Harry Johnson. Brother Hall stressed his desire to work with brothers in the United States and around the world to champion social justice issues in their communities. He affirmed his goal as national  committee chairman to provide “quality policy recommendations” to ensure that Alpha Phi Alpha continued to take both proactive and knowledgeable stances on important issues. Each regional vice‐ president was asked to appoint two brothers per region to serve as members of the national RJPP, including both college and alumni brothers. The inclusion of college brothers on the national committee represented a change from previous procedures and evidenced the important leadership and service that college brothers provided at every level of the Fraternity. Brother Hall explained that the full body  of the committee was to meet annually or at the direction of the general president. In preparation for what would be the first committee meeting of the new millennium, Brother Hall traveled across the nation meeting with brothers about prescient policy issues affecting local communities and gathering information regarding regional issues under the banner of the National Racial Justice and Public Policy Committee.24

The committee report emphasized two major points on behalf of the Fraternity. The first established the necessity of Alpha to assume, collectively, a more visible position on civil rights and public policy issues in the nation. The second articulated the need for increased emphasis on these issues at every level of Alpha, from the general body to the chapters. The report suggested that increased emphasis on awareness and visibility would be facilitated by “timely media comments” offered by the Fraternity’s national leadership. Such actions—the report intimated—were in the Fraternity’s interest and should be done in homage to the legacy left by the Jewels. The report’s second point covered particular racial and social justice areas of concentration that required continued fraternal involvement due to the persistence of discrimination. These areas included education policy (pre‐k to higher education), racial profiling, the reparations movement, environmental racism, and the increased imprisonment of non‐white populations—including women and children.25

Xi Chapter (Wilberforce University) held an AIDS awareness panel discussion and completed the Fraternity’s Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College program, which targeted youth aged seven to twelve.26 Additionally, Alpha Psi Chapter (Lincoln University) held an event entitled “Black Men’s Think Tank,” which held a discussion of personal health and economic develop.27 To promote service initiatives, Delta Gamma Lambda Chapter (Cincinnati, Ohio) held a Christmas Basket Food Drive and mentored students with Helping One Student to Success.28 Theta Xi Lambda Chapter (South Bend, Indiana) participated in Walk America with the March of Dimes, offered computer classes with the YMCA, held a Bone Marrow Drive, and completed voter registration with the N.A.A.C.P.29 Beta Omicron Lambda Chapter (Mobile, Alabama) held a toy drive with Catholic Social Services.30 Also in election efforts, Delta Chi Lambda Chapter (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) took part in the national program A Voteless People are Hopeless People and conducted voter registration and outreach with Urban League.31 Additionally, Mu Theta Lambda Chapter (Providence, Rhode Island) initiated Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program, Presidential Election Polling in Providence, and fund raising with Urban League for Project Alpha.32 To assist students and youth, Nu Mu Lambda Chapter (Atlanta, Georgia) held their “100 Hugs from Alpha” program for children fighting diseases33 and Gamma Psi Lambda Chapter (Asheville, North Carolina) held a program called “Reducing Longterm Suspensions of African American Students,” as part of a community forum study of African American male participation in public schools.34 Zeta Upsilon Lambda Chapter (South Boston, Virginia) sponsored and mentored youth groups through a project called Gentlemen By Choice, aimed at elementary school aged African Americans to increase self‐esteem, awareness of heritage, and education.35

Alpha Eta Lambda Chapter (Houston, Texas) held their Brother’s Keeper Program which was designed to improve the quality  of life for elderly brothers and their spouses,36 Zeta Beta Lambda Sacramento chapter held a Project Alpha workshop with coaching staff and worked with the Sacramento Food Bank, Adult Learning Center, and Planned Parenthood.37 Eta Tau Lambda Chapter (Akron, Ohio) with Alpha Phi Alpha Home, Inc. focused on city center neighborhoods, low income housing, building condominiums, and other developments.38 Eta Sigma Lambda Chapter (Palo Alto, California) was honored when Alpha Phi Alpha Day was declared in San Francisco.39 Both Nu Tau Lambda Chapter (Orange County, California) and Kappa Alpha Lambda Chapter (Monterey, California) chapters took part in Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College mentoring program and cultural awareness.40 Finally, Beta Gamma Lambda Chapter (Richmond, Virginia) co‐partnered with the City Health Dept., Project Alpha, dealt with teen pregnancy, and raised AIDS/STD awareness.41

During the Alpha Phi Alpha Head Start Fatherhood Conference, held July 29‐August 1, 2002, the Head Start Initiative accepted grant proposals from twenty‐six chapters seeking to initiate the program in their communities.42 Workshops focused on youth development programs, encouraging father‐friendly environments, the role of faith‐ based communities and women in the fatherhood movement, and asked fathers behind bars helped to further the goals of the Alpha Head Start Initiative.43

In 2002, Alpha Phi Alpha held their National Family Economic Development Conference in Las Vegas.44 The focus of the conference was on the partnership between the Fraternity’s Economic Development Foundation and AFC Enterprises, Inc., the parent company of Churches Chicken.45 The Economic Development Foundation, led by Brother Dr. William Pickard, “sought to promote and encourage economic development in minority, impoverished, and disadvantaged communities by expanding opportunities for residents of those communities to participate in business enterprises in their communities as owners, managers, operators, and employees.”46 The foundation developed a “Churches Chicken Franchise Development ‘How To’ Manual” that included strategic marketing, locations, site selection process, and franchise negotiation procedures.47 Brother Dr. Picard set a goal of establishing fifty new franchises, and the United States Small Business Administration agreed to assist with financing if alternative funding was not available.48 The National Economic Development Conference also included a real estate development workshop put on by Attorney Ruben A. Munday, chief executive officer of Lewis and Munday, one of the largest predominantly African American law firms in the nation.49 There was also a youth entrepreneurship training program, titled “Youth to Business Leaders.”50 The theme of youth entrepreneurship was carried over to the Ninety‐Seventh Anniversary General Convention, which took place on July 31, 2003.51

In 2002 the Alpha World Policy Council issued its fourth annual report which included its statement on September 11th, concerns about the violent conflict in Sierra Leone, and the need to construct the image of the African American male for a more positive role in the American society.52 The report also called for debt relief in Sub‐Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria.53 The World Policy Council called on Alpha men to bear on the pressing problems of the day.54

Community efforts were led by College Chapter of the Year Beta Tau Chapter (Xavier University), they included an involvement with the Boy Scouts inner‐city outreach, with brothers acting as scout leaders, and tutoring programs.55 Sigma Chapter (Harvard University, Boston University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology) held a series of programs called “The Village Voice Series,” which was a forum to discuss every day issues, as well as a Women’s Appreciation program.56 Xi Zeta Chapter (Hampden‐Sydney University) participated with the March of Dimes Walk,57 Omicron Rho Chapter (Columbus, Ohio) held a clothing drive for homeless and co‐sponsored a program with BB/BS,58 and Alpha Psi Chapter (Lincoln University) held “HERU of the Horizon,” the chapter’s annual Black Men’s Think Tank.59

Youth engagement was encouraged by Gamma Beta Chapter’s (North Carolina University) a Give a Boy A Book Drive,60 Iota Alpha Chapter (Washington & Lee University) gave high school scholarships,61 Xi Zeta Chapter ran a Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐ College program,62 and Mu Nu Chapter (Southwest Texas State University) held their Annual Miss Black and Gold Pageant, a Project Alpha Week with Performing Arts Showcase to raise funds for the arts, and information seminars for 100 high school students on AIDS prevention, as well as their Alpha Summit for Success exposing students to college experiences such as admissions.63

Kappa Eta Chapter (University of Memphis) held a bone marrow drive and a voter registration drive64 while Beta Zeta Chapter (State Teachers College) participated in the African American Men’s Day Celebration in New York.65 Additionally, Alpha Sigma Chapter (Wiley University) administered the A Voteless People are a Hopeless People voter registration project, participated in the March of Dimes Walk America, and worked on the Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College and Alpha Projects.66

The alumni Nu Mu Lambda Chapter (Atlanta, Georgia) became Alumni Chapter of the Year by participating in an AIDS Walk Atlanta and starting a Big Brothers Pilot Program.67 To promote education, Sigma Lambda Chapter (New Orleans, Louisiana) held a Project Care event to donate school supplies and was a major underwriter of the Orleans Parish “Rally for New Orleans Public Schools,” assisting in the renovation of the Florence Chester Elementary School.68 Alpha Eta Lambda Chapter (Prairie View, Texas) joined with the Houston area Bronze Eagles day with seventy‐five area youth for the “Alpha Fly in 2002” where African American pilots participated as well as a NASA astronaut.69 Xi Tau Lambda Chapter (North Dallas County, Texas) raised funds for scholarships, Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College and mentored youth to build self‐esteem.70 Beta Alpha Lambda Chapter (Jersey City, New Jersey) assisted high school students with the college application process71 and Delta Chi Lambda Chapter (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) gave scholarships worth more than $10,000.72 Beta Gamma Lambda Chapter (Richmond, Virginia) held holiday parties for children and provided holiday baskets,73 Theta Iota Lambda Chapter (Springfield, Massachusetts) awarded scholarships to Cornell students,74 Omicron Eta Lambda Chapter (Washington, D.C.) established an enrichment and development program–Project Focus–for high school students to emphasize a balanced view of life,75 and Iota Lambda Chapter (Indianapolis, Indiana) brought students and parents to the Midwestern Region Leadership Development Institute Conference.76 Other scholarship efforts were completed by Delta Gamma Lambda Chapter (Cincinnati, Ohio),77 Kappa Delta Lambda Chapter (East Lansing, Michigan) funds for the Legacy of Excellence and for the Martin Luther King Memorial,78 Beta Beta Lambda Chapter (Miami, Florida) and Eta Chi Lambda Chapter (Nyack, New York) chapters gave scholarships for those affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks.79 Beta Nu Lambda Chapter (Charlotte, North Carolina) worked with Big Brothers Big Sisters, provided computer training, SAT prep, etiquette training, peer pressure discussion, and a discussion on cultural events at the Charlotte Cultural Center.80 Notably, Omicron Mu Lambda Chapter (Cobb County, Georgia) was awarded the Henry Arthur Callis Education Foundation grant. 81

Regarding medical fundraising and assistance, Eta Tau Lambda Chapter (Akron, Ohio) supported the Kym Sellers Foundation for Multiple Sclerosis.82 Alpha Lambda Chapter (Louisville, Kentucky)83 took part in an AIDs walk, and Epsilon Rho Lambda Chapter84 (Fayetteville, North Carolina) participated in the March of Dimes Walk‐A‐Thon for the eighth year in a row. Additionally, Zeta Eta Lambda Chapter (New Bern, North Carolina) held a sexual awareness program for kids at Safe Harbor part of Weed and Seed program.85 Zeta Sigma Lambda Chapter (San Diego, California) expanded Euclid Health Center’s community center which provides primary and secondary health care. The chapter also participated in a volunteer effort for the Vet’s Stand Down Project which assisted homeless veterans in regaining their dignity by providing a variety of services including housing, job training, and medical and psychological counseling.86 Beta Omicron Lambda Chapter87 (Mobile, Alabama) held “Boys to Men” rap sessions for eight year olds and worked with a nursing home for the holidays, Kappa Phi Lambda Chapter88 (Columbia, Maryland) teamed up with March of Dimes and hosted Project Alpha at high schools, and Beta Gamma Lambda Chapter (Richmond, Virginia) also took part in the March of Dimes Walk and held their Annual Scholarship Banquet to provide scholarships for students.89

In community activism, Delta Tau Lambda Chapter90 (Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona) assisted with “Feed the Homeless Project,” Kappa Xi Lambda Chapter91 (New York City) presented a workshop entitled “People Don’t Plan to Fail…They Fail to Plan: Reclaiming Our Wealth” stressing the importance of financial planning, Alpha Epsilon Lambda Chapter92 (Jackson, Mississippi) focused on Voteless People are a Hopeless People (supporting the re‐election of a brother as mayor of Jackson) and Epsilon Gamma Lambda Chapter93 (Boston, Massachusetts) held its Black History Month with a focus on African American contribution in literature and arts. Pi Tau Lambda Chapter94 (Burlington, Vermont) held a workshop for 200 with Vermont Job Corps and brought in motivational speakers and lecturers. Delta Beta Lambda Chapter (Hampton, Virginia) held a public forum for candidates for the state legislature.95 Delta Gamma Lambda Chapter96 (Cincinnati, Ohio) worked with Urban League to bring twenty‐eight students from Ohio to Atlanta to celebrate Martin Luther King, Jr. in an effort to expose students to his civil rights struggles, and Theta Upsilon Lambda Chapter97 (Fort Wayne, Indiana) raised consciousness of contribution from the African American community and partnered with the African American Museum. Omicron Tau Lambda Chapter (Nashville, Tennessee) participated in the March of Dimes Walk America fundraiser, volunteered for the American Cancer Society, and implemented programs for personal and economic development. The chapter also participated in the South Carolina Black Male Conference, Martin Luther King, Jr. Celebration and the Gullah Festival.98 Omicron Alpha Lambda Chapter (Fredericksburg, Virginia) held a Christmas fund raising project, an Adopt a School program, and a Martin Luther King, Jr. celebration.99

In 2002, Brother Julius Chambers lost his case before the United States District Court of the Middle District of North Carolina in Jane v. Bowman Gray School of Medicine—North Carolina Baptist Hospital. The case involved Jane, a Hispanic resident physician who alleged that his termination from the program was due to his race. He detailed a type  of performance evaluation he received in which his superior told him that he came off as assertive possibly because “[he] was Hispanic that sometimes [he] may be thinking things in Spanish and when they come out translated in English, that people misinterpret what [he is] saying.” Given that he did not provide sufficient circumstantial or direct evidence that defendants discriminated against him when they terminated him, his claim for discriminatory discharge fails. Jane also did not provide sufficient evidence for his disparate treatment claim so it also fails. Since a reasonable juror could not find that the program was discriminating against Jane because of his race, the defendant’s motion for summary judgment was granted.100

At the Ninety‐Seventh Anniversary General Convention, on July 31, 2003, Alpha Phi Alpha responded to the national strain on blood banks and worked with the American Red Cross to organize blood donation stations at the Convention.101 At the convention, Brother Leroy Lowery III, executive director and chief operating officer of the Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Foundation, announced that the project had raised $25.8 million in contributions, pledges, and in‐kind services.102 The public relations team described an elaborate fundraising campaign including entertainment events featuring celebrities, newsletters, promotional tours, a public service announcement campaign sponsored by the Ad Council, and a website hosted by Yahoo.103

In preparation for the 2003 General Convention Racial Justice and Public Policy Committee preliminary report, Brother Hall issued an extensive list of activities of the members undertaken in the previous year. Based on his research during the period, Brother Hall highlighted the issues of importance to the Commission. He requested that all regional members of the committee attend the General Convention to gauge and discuss issues brought up by the Fraternity. Brother Hall also stated that the committee had not received any specific requests from the Board of Directors or Corporate Headquarters to issue any formal public policy position statements.104

The report further bolstered the national Fraternity’s agenda presented at the 2001 General Convention. The primary areas of concentration included education, economic development and economic racism, and voting rights and political participation. In the area of education, the committee referenced the Fraternity’s long‐ standing commitment to education of all children along with their preparation in the area of economic self‐reliance. While adopting the central tenet of the George W. Bush administration’s No Child Left Behind policy, which some believed threatened public education, the committee steadfastly affirmed the Fraternity’s belief in public schools. In this same spirit, the report heavily criticized “various programs that purport to help the marginalized, when in truth they only exacerbate the marginalization” in reference to these programs’ failures to meet the needs of African American and other non‐white students. It further challenged government officials to provide necessary resources to such schools, while demanding an increase in quality teachers and administrators.105

The 2003 report attributed the educational achievement gap to both problems of resource allocation and class‐based challenges. Highlighting different aspects of learning, the report pointed to early childhood education through pre‐school and increased access to higher education, as well as increased funding for vocational and adult education programs as ways to improve opportunities for communities. To conclude that section of the report, the committee stated the overall significance of education, characterizing it as “the foundational platform for all other success opportunities.”106

In the area of economic development and economic racism, the committee affirmed the Fraternity’s commitment to close the employment, poverty, digital divide, entrepreneurship, and homeownership gaps. The report stressed the need to remain knowledgeable about the underlying forces of racism at work in the economic sector—most notably the impact of advertising on community consumption and legislative policies that would determine the allocation of much‐needed resources. Similarly, the report emphasized the problem of predatory lending in the African American community. Overall, in concentrating its efforts, the report emphatically argued that the Fraternity “should strongly demand that any policy, which adversely affects the economic abilities or capabilities of individuals and/or families be remanded.”107

Regarding voting rights and political participation, the report affirmed the Fraternity’s long history of struggling for social justice, as well as equal opportunity under the law. The committee underscored the fraternal stance against any and all forms of disenfranchisement. During the 2000 election, more African Americans and non‐white citizens voted than at any other time in the nation’s history. The committee noted that many of those votes went uncounted, and still other individuals were denied their constitutional right to exercise their vote. In terms of recommendations, the committee supported voter reform, voter education, and increased efforts at voter mobilization to the polls in subsequent elections. In conclusion, the committee added the issue of fatherhood to its pre‐existing list of policy issues to engage the Fraternity and its members.108

In its 2003 report, the World Policy Council considered the Millennium Challenge Account the Bush Administration’s most positive initiatives and urged its support.109 The council also supported the United Nations Millennium Development goals even though they were slow in making progress in Sub‐Saharan Africa.110 The report questioned “extraordinary rendition” which transported terrorist suspects offshore for inhumane treatment and torture.111 It also provided suggestions for the White House surrounding poverty,  racism, militarism, and other ills Dr. King warned were moving us toward chaos.112

In 2003, Brother Julius Chambers and colleagues litigated a case in the United States District Court of the Middle District of Alabama in Dillard v. Baldwin County Commission. This was a fifteen year old lawsuit that was before the court to determine whether and, if so, when the court should call for an election of the members of the Baldwin County Commission. This was following the court’s recent vacating of the 1988 injunction which increased the commission’s size and created single‐member districts. A group of African Americans originally brought this lawsuit charging that the voting system was discriminatory based on the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as well as the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. The defendants stated that the cost of a March 2004 election would be $225,000. The court found that a regular election schedule would be “near enough in time that the new election for the four member commission scheduled to coincide with it will adequately address” the needs of all parties.113 Lastly, the court has a duty to oversee the dissolution of its injunction. For these reasons, the court agrees to the suggestion of the commission that the court order that the election track the county and State of Alabama’s election cycle.114

By 2004, Alpha Phi Alpha had become the number one fundraising organization for WalkAmerica.115 In The Sphinx, articles highlighted the work being done by the Fraternity and broader challenges it faced in executing on the mission laid down by the Jewels almost a century earlier. One article recognized the Fraternity’s Education Foundation, which awarded $45,000 in scholarships during 2004.116 Additionally, the article called attention to several different pieces of legislation including the Proposed Bill for the Revival of Parole System for Federal Prisoners, a bill proposed to appoint a commission to study reparations for African Americans and the Family Life Education Act that would allow states to recur funding from Health and Human Services to conduct programs in family life education. Discussion of effects of climate change on the African American population and discussion of the need for education for the newly enacted Medicare Prescription Drug Act and the Congressional Black Caucus’ denouncing the rise in the uninsured among African Americans were also noted.117

Significant community efforts were completed by Beta Gamma Chapter (Virginia State College),118 involved in Upward Bound tutorial program, the Children’s Home of Virginia Baptist and the Walnut Hill Convalescent Home and Pi Chapter (Western Reserve University) at the Ronald McDonald House and Cleveland Food Bank.119 Iota Alpha Chapter (Washington & Lee University) held a Martin Luther King fundraiser, raised funds for March of Dimes, volunteered for community cleanup project, and participated in a voter registration drive.120 Education was championed by Xi Zeta Chapter’s (Hampden‐ Sydney College) education forum during Alpha’s Promoting Excellence program,121 Alpha Psi Chapter’s (Lincoln University) Black Men’s Think Tank discussion on the Destruction of Black Civilization,122 Beta Epsilon Chapter’s (A & T College) work with the Boy Scouts,123 and Epsilon Sigma Chapter’s (St. Mary’s University) forty mentoring relationships with Big Brothers Big Sisters.124 In efforts of activism, Alpha Omicron Chapter (Johnson C. Smith University) set up a voter precinct on their campus125 and Gamma Phi Chapter (Tuskegee Institute) hosted a film crew filming at the gravesite of Booker T. Washington on campus for the Fraternity’s centennial documentary.126

Several alumni chapters participated in the Walk of Dimes, including Mu Lambda Chapter (Washington, D.C.),127 Beta Omicron Lambda Chapter (Mobile, Alabama),128 Alpha Eta Lambda Chapter (Prairie View, Texas),129 Eta Sigma Lambda Chapter (Palo Alto, California),130 Iota Mu Lambda Chapter (Tacoma, Washington),131 and Beta Sigma Lambda Chapter (Hartford, Connecticut).132 Iota Lambda Chapter (Indianapolis, Indiana) participated in holding a Project Alpha event about preventing teen pregnancies and general sexual health matters,133 and Omicron Delta Lambda Chapter (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) gathered one hundred young men and women for the New School for Enterprise and Development Public High School as part of Project Alpha.134 Mu Mu Lambda Chapter (Glynn Ellen, Illinois) established Project Alpha by donating meals and volunteering in the Father’s Day—Real Men Cook event.135 Rho Iota Lambda Chapter (Chesterfield County, Virginia) held the Paul Robeson Golf Tournament sponsored by Big Brothers Big Sisters as well as corporate sponsorship to provide scholarships136 and Alpha Sigma Lambda Chapter (Dallas, Texas) assisted two families in need during the holidays by donating food and clothes.137 Alpha Rho Lambda Chapter maintained a mentoring program fostering positive relationships with boys and young men, worked with Habitat for Humanity, supported Building A Dream Project, and assisted in building a house for a needy family.138 Mu Kappa Lambda Chapter (Carbondale, Illinois) provided funding for summer camp programs for underprivileged children. 139

Martin Luther King celebrations were held by Iota Delta Lambda Chapter (Chicago, Illinois),140 Alpha Beta Lambda Chapter (Lexington, Kentucky),141 Alpha Upsilon Lambda Chapter (Montgomery, Alabama),142 Nu Alpha Lambda Chapter (New Orleans),143 Mu Beta Lambda Chapter (Honolulu),144 and Mu Sigma Lambda Chapter (Culver City, California) chapters.145 Other Black History Month events, including an oratorical contest, were held by Mu Xi Lambda Chapter (Rialto, California)146 and Zeta Sigma Lambda Chapter’s (San Diego, California) Urban League gala was attended by Marc Morial of the Urban League.147 Additionally, Eta Beta Lambda Chapter (Wichita, Kansas) held a tribute to Historically Black Colleges and Universities and conducted non‐partisan political forums and voter registration drives as well as mentoring programs.148 Upsilon Lambda Chapter (Jacksonville, Florida) participated in a Voteless People are a Hopeless People campaign by operating voting precincts during the primary and run‐off election149 and Kappa Lambda Chapter (Greensboro, North Carolina) staffed a voting precinct to give young voters a glimpse of the electoral process.150 Mu Phi Lambda Chapter (Seoul, South Korea) participated in a Voteless People are a Hopeless People campaign with three voter registration drives.151

Education was supported by Nu Pi Lambda Chapter’s152 (Dallas‐ Fort Worth Metroplex) college tours, Kappa Lambda Chapter’s153 (Greensboro, North Carolina) scholarship program to assist African American men attending college and Eta Delta Lambda Chapter (Monroe, Louisiana)154 and Theta Delta Lambda Chapter (El Paso, Texas) chapters’155 Educational Foundations hosted a banquet to fundraise for scholarships. Nu Epsilon Lambda Chapter (Richmond, Washington) participated in the Alpha Men of Tomorrow Mentoring Program for African American students sponsored by a grant from Pasco School District.156

In 2004, Brother Brown litigated in Morgan v. United Parcel Service of America before the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Here, African American employees sued their employer under § 1981 and Title VII for race discrimination in the pattern of promotions, the working conditions, and the pay. The District Court found that there was no racial discrimination in the pattern of promotions, nor the working conditions, nor in the pay. The District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri granted the employer summary judgment and the employees appealed. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the lower courts decision when it held that there was no racial discrimination in any of the categories.157

Brother Darryl R. Matthews, Sr., the thirty‐second General President, renewed Alpha Phi Alpha’s commitment to social and legal justice in his Inaugural Address January 8, 2005.158 In fact, in the 2005 Report of the Officers and Committees, Chairman Brother Cleveland E. Beckett stated the Racial Justice and Public Policy Committee’s mission to fulfill its role as “liaison with communities, churches and interfaith groups . . . to combat discrimination and secure justice for African Americans and other deprived peoples.” This mission, derived from Alpha Phi Alpha’s Constitution and By‐Laws, served to determine its goals and objectives for 2005 and 2006. These goals included working collaboratively with all levels of leadership within the Fraternity and “highlighting public policy issues of concern to the [F]raternity,” as well as representing the Fraternity at meetings of coalition and affiliate partners. In general, these goals aimed to both raise awareness about race issues in public policy and other political spheres, and sought to create an environment in which dialogue concerning these issues would be open and productive.159 That year, the Fraternity raised $134,754 for the March of Dimes, coming in second of all fundraising organizations.160

In 2005, Brother William T. Coleman won his case, Employees Committed for Justice v. Eastman Kodak Company, argued in front of the United States District Court of the Western District of New York.161 In that case, a Title VII race discrimination claim was brought against an employer, who moved to dismiss portions of the complaint. The District Court held that class‐based claims of hostile work environment were not legally compatible with “pattern or practice” framework, further development of the record was needed to determine whether retaliation claims were suited to the “pattern or practice” rubric, association of employees who had discrimination claims against employer had standing, further development of record was needed to determine whether releases of discrimination claims were enforceable and to determine limitations relation‐back issues.162 Kodak raised a motion to dismiss portions of the complaint filed by Employees Committed for Justice. The motion was denied.163 Again, three years later, in 2008, Brother William T. Coleman was still working on Employees Committed for Justice v. Eastman Kodak Company. Employees Committed for Justice filed a motion to compel that sought resolution of two privilege issues. The court granted the motion in part and denied in part based on information regarding an independent expert’s testimony and the sufficient oversight exercised by the corporation’s legal department.164

In 2005, Brother William T. Coleman, Sidney L. Gold, and Shannon J. Carson, litigated Dean v. Kraft Foods North America, Inc.165 In that case, Sandra Dean, an African‐American, claimed that her former employers, defendants Nabisco, Inc. and Kraft Foods North America, Inc, denied her performance reviews and pay increases, denied her a promotion and discharged her because of her race and in retaliation for her complaints about racial discrimination. She was therefore suing the defendants for race discrimination and retaliation.166 The defendants motioned for a summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c). The Court granted the motion in part. The Court found that based on the evidence, racial discrimination was “more likely than not” a motivating factor in Kraft’s employment decision due to evidence of past discrimination, however, Dean did not provide enough evidence for a jury to determine that retaliation was “more likely than not” a motivating cause behind Kraft’s actions.167 Therefore, the Court ruled in favor of Kraft Foods and Nabisco with respect to Dean’s discrimination claim for denial of performance reviews and salary increases and her retaliatory discharge claim and the balance of the motion was denied.168

While in Atlanta for a board meeting in February 2006, General President Matthews along with Southern Regional Vice President Everett Ward, and Executive Director Willard Hall met with members of the N.A.A.C.P. and a delegation from South Carolina to show Alpha Phi Alpha’s support of the tourism boycott resulting from South Carolina flying the confederate flag over official state facilities.169 General President Mathews also served as an honorary pallbearer for the “N‐word” at the N.A.A.C.P. General Convention in Detroit, explaining that, “The N‐word was a term of exclusion and derision, a verbal reason for discrimination. . . . No other American surname carries as much purposeful cruelty as this word, nor does any other ethnic group allow others to use degrading and derogatory terms when referring to their community.”170 The brothers clearly took up the call to foster the next generation of Alpha Phi Alpha, and at a White House ceremony, Big Brothers Big Sisters named Brother Sylvestor Fulton, Alpha Delta Lambda Chapter (Memphis, Tennessee), the 2006 National Big Brother of the Year.171 A ceremonial groundbreaking for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial was held on November 13, 2006, the fiftieth anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in Browder v. Gayle, declaring segregation of busses to be unconstitutional.172 The ceremony was attended by numerous celebrities and political figures including former President William J. Clinton, then United States Senator Barack Obama, poet Maya Angelou, Oprah Winfrey, and Diane Sawyer read a letter from former South African President Nelson Mandela.173

General President Matthews’ letter in the Spring/Summer issue of The Sphinx discussed the 100 years of community service projects such as a Voteless People are a Hopeless People campaign to register voters and see that citizens exercised the full franchise of their rights and Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College program to address the program of children dropping out of college. The Fraternity maintained an alliance with Big Brothers Big Sisters to give young people role models and established the Project Alpha program with the March of Dimes to provide information to teen males about the problems of risky behavior. With the Boy Scouts, brothers focused on mentoring and creating more Eagle Scouts in their communities.174 The Executive Director shared the fundraising efforts for the March of Dimes and the Martin Luther King Memorial Foundation, particularly how more than $181,000 was raised for the March of Dimes for its unique approach to preventing teen pregnancies by focusing on teen males and their role in the health and social economic issues.175 The Fraternity was planning a campaign to raise $75 Million to fund research to find the causes of premature births, the number one cause of infant mortality, as the high incidence in the African American community warranted special research.176 Additionally, $400,000 was raised for the Martin Luther King Memorial in Washington.177

College chapter’s March of Dimes efforts include Alpha Rho’s “Party with a Purpose” to raise funds and Beta Epsilon Chapter’s participation in a day of service for the March of Dimes at North Carolina A & T University.178 Alpha Rho Chapter (Morehouse College) also implemented a Project Alpha program at a local high school where twenty‐five brothers participated with ongoing mentoring and worked with a Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College program, held a rally to support a Georgia house bill, established a new Boy Scout troop, donated $1000 to a shelter for battered women and raised funds for Hurricane Katrina victims.179 Theta Tau Chapter at General Motors Institute also worked on Project Alpha and Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐ College projects and participated in 4‐Cs Kaleidoscope and March of Dimes Walk America.180

Political efforts were led by the alumni Delta Lambda Chapter (Baltimore, Maryland) who held meetings with legislators to discuss policy issues181 and Epsilon Upsilon Lambda and Theta Tau chapters (Flint, Michigan), who implemented new programs to assist African American residents in the wake of the closing of the city’s auto plant.182 Iota Epsilon Lambda Chapter (Nassau, Bahamas) completed phase one of construction and the grand re‐opening of the historic Smithville Colored School that had been closed since 1952. The chapter refurbished the school which serves as a museum, technology center, the chapter’s house and a community service center.183 Zeta Lambda and Kappa Pi chapters in Virginia joined forces to volunteer for service projects for Project Alpha, Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College and a Voteless People are a Hopeless People campaign.184 Beta Phi Lambda Chapter (Savannah, Georgia) also participated in a local elementary school as part of Go‐To‐High‐School, Go‐To‐College.185 Mentorships were also supported by Xi Tau Lambda Chapter’s (North Dallas County, Texas) recruitment of African American males for Big Brothers Big Sisters to expose children to positive role models. Finally, Zeta Pi Lambda Chapter (Seattle, Washington) established its “Our Alpha Phi Alpha Literary Society” hosting professors, lawyers, politicians, and businessmen.186

Community outreach included Epsilon Phi Lambda Chapter’s (Port Arthur, Texas) assistance of the displaced evacuees who were victims of Hurricane Katrina, such as rendering aid and sorting out pounds of donated clothing for distribution.187 Additionally, Iota Omicron Lambda Chapter (Colorado Springs, Colorado), with the N.A.A.C.P. and the Red Cross, welcomed evacuees from New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.188 Gamma Chi Lambda Chapter (San Francisco, California) contributed to the Martin Luther King Memorial fund, awarded over $100,000 in scholarships and donated to the Museum of African Diaspora.189

In 2006, Brother William T. Coleman won his case, Davis v. Kraft Foods North America, argued in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.190 In this case, Debra Davis, an African American employee, alleged that Kraft Foods had discriminated against African American employees working in Kraft’s Philadelphia Bakery with respect to job classification and discipline.191 The case examined the nature of privilege; within which during the transfer of ownership from Nabisco to Kraft, documents were provided to Davis’s counsel that related to Nabisco’s employment practices to which Kraft argued that the self‐critical analysis privilege barred disclosure of a number of the documents. The Judge previously agreed in 2005 and cited Clark v. Pennsylvania Power and Light Co. in his decision. The issue of self‐critical analysis privilege continued to be at the center of the case and the Judge reversed his decision and sided against Kraft’s motion to strike certain documents.192

In 2006, Brother William T. Coleman lost his case, Davis v. Eastman Kodak Co, argued in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.193 In that case, Courtney Davis, Employees Committed for Justice, Olin Singletary, Gladys Alston and Carrie Rice, etc. asserted class‐wide discrimination claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Third Amended Complaint alleged that “Kodak ha[d] engaged in an ongoing pattern and practice of discrimination against its African American Employees,” including discrimination in compensation, promotions, wage and job classifications, and maintaining a hostile work environment. Additionally, Davis claimed that when the African American employees complained about the discriminatory practices, they were subjected to retaliation.194 Before the Court, was Kodak’s renewed motion for summary judgment with respect to three individual plaintiffs (Singletary, Alston and Rice) all of whom were former employees of Kodak at the time. Kodak says at the time of their separation, all three had executed releases, which released Kodak from the very race discrimination claims they now pursue.195 Some factors that the Court took into consideration when evaluating the releases were if the Title VII claims were knowing and voluntary, to which the “totality of circumstances test” could be applied. The court also made the distinction between a release being void and voidable, the latter has to have been ratified by the employee in order for it to be enforced. Based on its findings, the court granted Kodak’s motion for summary judgment.

Four months after the above decision, still in 2007, Brother William T. Coleman continued to litigate Davis v. Eastman Kodak Company. After the Court granted a summary judgment in favor of the defense, Davis filed a motion that alleged that the Court committed “a number of clear legal errors” in its decision.196 The alleged errors include: applying the federal common law principles of tender back  and ratification in considering the release of their federal claims, failing to adequately consider the applicability of ERISA regulations, and not fully appreciating their disparate impact argument. The Court denied Davis’ motion for reconsideration.

In August 2006, Brother Julius Levonne Chambers, Ernest Richardson, and Richardo Teal lost their case, Williams v. Aluminum Company of America, argued in the United States District Court in the Middle District of North Carolina. Sixty‐seven African American plaintiffs alleged that ALCOA was discriminating against them because of their race in Badin, North Carolina. The majority of the plaintiffs settled with ALCOA, however, this case was before the court on the defendant’s motion for summary judgement which was granted for the reasons below. In the specific case of plaintiff Emory Johnson, Jr. it was determined in light of every incident Johnson identified as discriminatory that he failed to establish a prima facie case with regard to the alleged incidents. With regard to the allegation that Confederate flags flying on vehicles in the plant parking lot, the presence of racially offensive symbols in the plant, and also the incident where he was kicked by a white worker, Johnson failed to show that the conditions were pervasive enough to alter conditions of his employment, and that there is some basis for imposing liability on ALCOA for these incidents. He also failed to show that he was the victim of an adverse employment action or that a white employee was given preference via an overtime shift. He failed to show that he was qualified for Alcoa’s Accelerated Apprenticeship Program, and lastly that he was treated differently than a white employee with a similar 5 day suspension.197

1 ROBERT L. HARRIS, THE HISTORY OF ALPHA PHI ALPHA: A TRADITION OF LEADERSHIP AND

SERVICE 188 (2014).

2 Id.

3 Id. at 190.

4 Id. at 190, 193.

5   See generally, ALPHA PHI ALPHA WORLD POLICY COUNCIL REPORT (2000).

6   Harris, supra note 1, at 194–95.

7 Id. at 196.

8 Id.

9 THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 4.

10 State of the Fraternity, THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 10‐13.

11 Election 2000, THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 14‐15.

12 College Chapter of the Year, THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 20.

13 Big Brothers/Big Sisters, THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 23‐24.

14 Brother Kelly Creates WFU Program, THE SPHINX, Fall 2000, at 16.

15 HARRIS, supra note 1, at 197, 199.

16 Id. at 199–200.

17 Id. at 204.

18 Id.

19 Id. at 203.

20 Id. at 209–10.

21 Id. at 210.

22 Id. at 208–09.

23 Id. at 209.

24 GENERAL CONVENTION REPORT OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 150‐51 (2001).

25 Id. at 151.

26 Xi, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 39.

27 Alpha Psi, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 41.

28 Delta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 41.

29 Theta Xi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 43.

30 Beta Omicron Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 43.

31 Delta Chi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 42. 32 Mu Theta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2001, at 43 33 Nu Mu Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 44.

34 Gamma Psi Lambda, in THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 45. 35 Reston‐Fairfax, VA, THE SPHINX, Summer 2001, at 42. 36 Alpha Eta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 46.

37 Zeta Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, SPRING 2001, at 46. 38 Eta Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2001, at 45. 39 Eta Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 47.

40 Nu Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 48; Kappa Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, 2001, at 48.

41 Beta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Spring 2001, at 37.

42 HARRIS, supra note 1, at 214–15.

43 Id.

44 Id. at 214.

45 Id. at 215.

46 Id.

47 Id. at 215–16.

48 Id.

49 Id. at 216.

50 Id. at 217.

51 Id. at 223.

52 Id. at 219.

53 Id.

54 Id.

55 College Chapter of the Year, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 27‐28.

56 Sigma, in THE SPHINX 2002, at 38.

57 Xi Zeta, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 40.

58 Omicron Rho, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 42.

59 Alpha Psi, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 43.

60 Gamma Beta THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 46.

61 Iota Alpha, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 31.

62 Xi Zeta, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 32.

63 Mu Nu, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 38‐39.

64 Kappa Eta, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 49.

65 Beta Zeta, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 31.

66 Alpha Sigma, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 37.

67 Alumni Chapter of the Year, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 28‐29.

68 Sigma Lambda,THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 39.

69 Alpha Eta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall, 2002, at 38. 70 Xi Tau Lambda, in THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 38. 71Beta Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 32.

72 Delta Chi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 45. 73 Beta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 32. 74 Theta Iota Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 32.

75 Omicron Eta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 33.

76 Iota Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 34.

77 Delta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 34.

78 Kappa Delta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 35.

79 Beta Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 36; Eta Chi Lambda, THE SPHINX, 2002, at 38.

80 Beta Nu Lambda, THE SPHINX, 2002, at 47.

81 Omicron Mu Lambda, THE SPHINX, 2002, at 46.

82 Eta Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, 2002, at 43.

83 Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 44.

84 Epsilon Rho Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 48.

85 Zeta Eta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 46.

86 Zeta Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 41.

87 Beta Omicron Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 36.

88 Kappa Phi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 39.

89 Beta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 40.

90 Delta Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 40.

91 Kappa Xi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 33.

92 Alpha Epsilon Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 36.

93 Epsilon Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 39.

94 Pi Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at52.

95 Delta Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 40.

96 Delta Gamma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 42. 97 Theta Upsilon Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 44. 98 Omicron Tau Lambda, THE SPHINX, Fall 2002, at 37.

99 Omicron Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, Summer 2002, at 41.

100 Jane v. Bowman Gray Sch. of Med.‐N.C. Baptist Hosp., 211 F. Supp. 2d 678 (M.D.N.C. 2002).

101 HARRIS, supra note 1, at 223.

102 Id. at 222.

103 Id. at 222–23.

104 GENERAL CONVENTION REPORT OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 83 (2003).

105 Id.

106 Id.

107 Id.

108 Id. at 84.

109 HARRIS, supra note 1, at 256.

110 Id. at 257

111 Id.

112 Id.

113 Dillard v. Baldwin Cty. Comm’n, 289 F.Supp.2d 1315, 1318 (M.D. Ala. 2003).

114 See generally, Id.

115 HARRIS, supra note 1, at 228.

116 The $45,000 Question, THE SPHINX 90TH ANNUAL LIMITED EDITION, at 8.

117 National Legislative Spotlight, THE SPHINX, Fall 2004, at 78.

118 Beta Gamma, THE SPHINX, Winter, 2004, at 86.

119 Pi, THE SPHINX, 2004, at 90.

120 Iota Alpha, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 86.

121 Xi Zeta, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 86.

122 Alpha Psi, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 90.

123 Beta Epsilon, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 92.

124 Epsilon Sigma, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 96.

125 Alpha Omicron, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 92.

126 Gamma Phi, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 93.

127 Mu Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 87.

128 Beta Omicron Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 98.

129 Alpha Eta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 96. 130 Eta Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter, 2004, at 101. 131 Iota Mu Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 102.

132 Beta Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 87.

133 Iota Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 87‐88. 134 Omicron Delta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 88. 135 Mu Mu Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 92.

136 Rho Iota Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 89.

137 Alpha Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 97. 138 Alpha Rho Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 91. 139 Mu Kappa Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 92. 140 Iota Delta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 90.

141 Alpha Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 90‐91. 142 Alpha Upsilon Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 95. 143 Nu Alpha Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 98.

144 Mu Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 99.

145 Mu Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 101‐102.

146 Mu Xi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 100.

147 Zeta Sigma Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 101. 148 Eta Beta Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 91‐92. 149 Upsilon Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 95.

150 Kappa Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 96. 151 Mu Phi Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 100. 152 Nu Pi Lambda¸ THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 99. 153 Kappa Lambda, THE SPHINX, Winter 2004, at 93.